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“Congratulation”

· is a kind of text to saying congratulation for someone

· e.g :

§ Congratulations !

§ Congratulations on your succes!

§ Happy brithday

§ Happy new year

· e.g

Juminten : Hi, Jang I have a good news

Ujang : What’s that?

Juminten : I won a singing contest

Ujang : That’s great. I’m happy to hear that, congratulations !

“Passive Voice”

· Compare the sentences below :

My father is repairng the roof

ACTIVE

The roof is being repaired by my father

PASSIVE

They built this house in 1994

ACTIVE

This house was built in 1994

PASSIVE

This flower will change your life

ACTIVE

Your life will be changed by this flower

PASSIVE

Tenses	Structure	Example
Present Simple Present Continous Past Simple Past Continous Present Perfect Past Perfect Will Future Future Perfect Going to Future	Am/is/are+PP Am/is/are being+PP Was/were+PP Was/were being+PP Have/has been+PP Had been +PP Wiil be+PP Wiil have been+PP Am/are/is going to be+PP	English is spoken here Excuse the mess, the room is being painted. I wasn’t invited, but I went anyway. I felt as if I was being watched. Has marry been told? I knew why I had been chosen. You’ll be told when the time comes. Everything will have benn done by Tuesday. Who’s going to be invited?

Modals in the Past Form

· Will => would

· Can => could

· May => Might

· Shall => Should

· Must => had too

· Petterns of modals in the past form :

ð To offer this expression

e.g Tono : O..gosh ! My tire is flat

Tina : Don’t worry. You could go to school with me

ð To indicate that the ability existed

e.g Rere : can you speak Japanese ?

Lana : Well, I could speak Japanese when I was kid.

ð To express polite request

e.g Mr. Heru : could I use your phone

Miss Lilly : Yes, please !

Mr. Heru : Thank you !

· We use this expression

ð Use this expression to tell posibilities

e.g Riri : Why Ria taking the bus to get home ?

Rara : Maybe seh’s got flat tire

ð Use this expression to expression to express polite request

e.g Dino : Might I borrow the stapler ?

Selly : I’m sorry, I’m using it.

· We use this expression

ð Use this expression for an action that was repeated in the past

e.g Raysa : what did tou usually do for holiday ?

Jeje : when I was a child I would visit my grandma every weekend,

but now not anymore.

ð Insert ratter into the pattern and use this express preferences

e.g Nani : which food would you rather eat ?

Firman : I would rather eat fried chicken than noodles.

“Noun Phrases”

· is contraction function as subject and object.

· Kinds of Noun Phrases :

Noun + noun

e.g : Office Boy

Verb + noun

e.g : Take a bed

Gerund + noun

e.g : Throwing ball

Pronoun + noun

e.g : My book

Adjective + noun

e.g : Black board

Determiner + noun

e.g : A pen

· The noun phrases in English composed potentially of 3 parts there are :

1. Head : the most usual kind of head of a noun phrases

2. Premodication : consist of a number of word classes in a spesific

order

3. Post Modicaton : must commonly fillsec not by spesific word classes

or subdasses

“Noun Phrases”

· is contraction function as subject and object.

· Kinds of Noun Phrases :

Noun + noun

e.g : Office Boy

Verb + noun

e.g : Take a bed

Gerund + noun

e.g : Throwing ball

Pronoun + noun

e.g : My book

Adjective + noun

e.g : Black board

Determiner + noun

e.g : A pen

· The noun phrases in English composed potentially of 3 parts there are :

1. Head : the most usual kind of head of a noun phrases

2. Premodication : consist of a number of word classes in a spesific

order

3. Post Modicaton : must commonly fillsec not by spesific word classes

or subdasses

“Finite Verb”

· is a verb that is inflected for person or for tense according to the reles and categori of the langunges in which it occurs.

· Finite verb can form “ Independent Clause” which can stand by her own as complete senetnces.

· Indenpendent Clause is a complete sentences it contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.

· In English, only verbs uncertainmood are finite.

· These include :

§ Indicative mood

§ Imperative mood

· Indicative Mood

ð is expression four state of affars.

e.g the buldozer demolished the restaurant

· imparative Mood

ð giving a command

e.g Open your book ! ( positive command)

Don’t that (negative command)